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Arab immigration to the United States
Arab immigration to the United States began when Arabs accompanied Spanish explorers to the US in the 15th century. During the Revolutionary War, horses exported from Algeria replenished the American cavalry and Morocco was the first country to officially recognize the independence of the United States in 1787 in what is known as the "treaty of Friendship". However, Arabs did not start immigrating to the United States in significant numbers until the 19th century. Since the first major wave of Arab immigration in the late 19th century, the majority of Arab immigrants have settled in or near large cities. Roughly 94 percent of all Arab immigrants live in metropolitan areas,〔 and nearly one third of all Arab Americans live in or around just three cities: New York, Los Angeles and Detroit.〔 While most Arab-Americans have similarly settled in just a handful of major American cities, they form a fairly diverse population representing nearly every country and religion from the Arab world.
The majority of Arab-Americans in the 21st century come from Christian backgrounds, with roughly 63 percent of all Arab-Americans claiming Christianity as their religion as of 2002.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.prolades.com/glama/la5co07/arab_community_in_california.htm )〕 Prior to 1965 nearly 90 percent of all Arab immigrants were Christian. Moreover, around 32 percent of Arab Americans are of Lebanese heritage.〔 Most attribute the significantly higher number of Arab Christian immigrants than Arab Muslims to a few key reasons. First, Arab Christians have had an easier time obtaining American visas than their Muslim counterparts due to prejudices underlying American immigration policies. Second, as the first Arab immigrants were predominantly Christian, even when the immigration process became less discriminatory, the presence of family members in the United States gave Arab Christians better opportunities to immigrate as they were able to find housing and jobs with greater ease. Some Arab Christians are wealthy and possess strong educational backgrounds, affording them an even greater opportunity to immigrate to the United States.〔 Another reason could be because Arab Christians are more likely to be persecuted in their home countries than their Muslim peers.
These figures aside, recent demographics suggest a shift in immigration trends. More Arab Muslims are coming to the United States than ever before in the most current wave of Arab immigration. Arab immigration has, historically, come in waves, most often as a result of struggles and hardships stemming from specific periods of war or discrimination in their respective mother countries.
==1870s—1920s==
While individually Arabs have been immigrating to North America since before the United States became a nation, the first significant period of Arab immigration began in the 1870s and lasted until 1924 when the Johnson-Reed Quota Act was passed nearly ending immigration from this region for the time being. The overwhelming majority of Arab immigrants during this period came from the Ottoman province of Syria, which currently encompasses the countries of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan , and Palestine.〔 Because it was not until the 1920s, with the Lebanese national movement, that immigrants from what is now modern Lebanon started adopting a Lebanese national identity, Arabs immigrating prior to that decade from modern day Lebanon were regarded as Syrians.〔 A predominantly Christian population, these Arab immigrants followed several branches of Christianity, primarily Maronite, Melkite and Eastern Orthodoxy.〔 During this period of time only five to ten percent of all Arab immigrants were Muslim, and an even smaller fraction were Druze.〔 As discussed above, Christians historically had a much easier time immigrating to the United States than their Muslim countrymen. Additionally, during this first wave of immigration, greater Syria was still under Muslim Ottoman control. As the 20th century approached the decline of the Ottoman Empire was becoming apparent, while Western Christian states in Europe and North America were concurrently flourishing and transforming themselves into modern industrial powers. As author Alixa Naff states, "for Muslims, loyalty to an Islamic ruler, even one perceived as inept or cruel, was critical if Islam was to remain unified and if it was to withstand inimical Western Christian influences. Arab Christians on the other hand, exposed to and protected by the Christian West, attributed the decline of Arab culture to the backwardness of Islam and its Turkish rulers." In fact, by the mid-18th century each major branch of Christianity in the region was supported by a European power, exacerbating tensions between Arab Christians and Arab Muslims and thus increasing discrimination against the Christian minority. Specifically sparking the migration was the 20 years of in-fighting between Druze and Christians in greater Syria. In 1860 alone an estimated 20,000 Maronite Christians were killed. From 1908 until the demise of imperial rule, many young men left the Levant in order to avoid conscription into the Ottoman Army. In this environment, it is unsurprising that many "Syrian" Christians seized this opportunity to emigrate in hopes of a better life, and many ultimately ended up in the United States.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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